Relación de la Socialización Organizacional y el Compromiso Organizacional en Trabajadores Mexicanos / Relationship Between Mexican Workers' Organizational Socialization and Commitment

La socialización organizacional es el proceso por el que una persona adquiere competencias laborales en términos de un nivel de comprensión funcional de la organización, consigue el apoyo de sus compañeros de trabajo, y acepta las normas de una organización. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la relación entre la socialización organizacional y el compromiso organizacional en trabajadores mexicanos. Se analizaron los datos obtenidos de 169 participantes, que fueron evaluados con el Inventario de Socialización Organizacional y el Cuestionario de Compromiso Organizacional. Los resultados mostraron que la socialización organizacional correlacionó positiva y significativamente con el compromiso afectivo y normativo. Se concluyó que la socialización organizacional permite que los trabajadores desarrollen el compromiso con la organización a través de los vínculos afectivos con los compañeros y la creación de un sentido de lealtad hacia la organización.

This research focuses on the relationship between Mexican workers' organizational socialization and compromise. Organizational socialization is a process in which a person acquires labor skills, understands and accepts institutional rules, and gains the support of their co-workers. 169 participants were sampled using the Organizational Socialization Inventory and Organizational Compromise Questionnaire. The results showed that organizational socialization correlated positively and significantly with affective and normative commitment. As a conclusion, organizational socialization allows workers to develop a compromise with the organization through affective links with co-workers and a sense of loyalty to the institution.

Evaluación de un Programa de Intervención para Disminuir el Acoso Escolar y la Conducta Disruptiva / Evaluation of the Effectiveness of an Intervention Program in Reducing Bullying and Disruptive Behavior

Resumen: Existen pocos programas de intervención para disminuir las conductas infantiles de acoso escolar en el aula. El propósito del estudio fue conocer la eficacia de un programa de intervención basado en los principios del Análisis Conductual Aplicado para reducir las conductas infantiles de acoso en el ámbito escolar. El programa está diseñado para entrenar al profesor del grupo en el manejo de ocho técnicas conductuales (i.e., control de estímulos, costo de respuesta, entrenamiento en respuesta alternativa, auto-control de enojo, contingencia grupal, análisis de tareas, monitoreo y moldeamiento). Se entrenó a ocho profesores de tres escuelas primarias públicas para que implementaran el programa durante la jornada escolar. Participaron 223 alumnos, 28 de ellos identificados como acosadores y 28 identificados como víctimas. Se evaluó la conducta de acoso por parte de esos 28 niños y la conducta disruptiva de los 223 estudiantes pre, durante y post tratamiento. Los resultados mostraron que el programa de intervención redujo significativamente el acoso escolar por parte de los niños acosadores. El programa también fue exitoso para reducir las conductas disruptivas de los niños en todo el grupo, especialmente fue efectivo disminuyendo el comportamiento antisocial.

Abstract: There are few intervention programs designed for reducing bullying in the classrooms. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of an intervention program based on the principles of applied behavior analysis to reduce bullying in the classroom. The program was designed to train elementary school teachers in the application of eight behavioral techniques (i.e., stimuli control, cost of response, reinforcing alternative responses, self-control of anger, group contingencies, task analysis, monitoring, and shaping). Eight teachers from three public schools were trained and they implemented the program during a whole school year. Those teachers had 223 students. From that total 28 were identified as bullies and 28 as victims. The bullying behavior of those 28 children as well as the disruptive behaviors of the 223 students were measured pre, during and post treatment. Results showed that the intervention program was successful in reducing bullying as well as disruptive behaviors. The program was especially effective in reducing antisocial behavior.

Prácticas de Crianza Positiva: Entrenamiento a padres para reducir Bullying / Positive Child Rearing Practices: Parents training for reduce bullying

El estudio buscó evaluar la eficacia de un programa de prácticas de crianza positiva dirigido a padres para reducir el bullying y aumentar la conducta pro-social de sus hijos. Participaron ocho parejas y dos padres solteros de 10 niños identificados como bullies. La mitad de los padres conformó el grupo control y se entrenó a la otra mitad para identificar la conducta agresiva y pro-social de sus hijos, sus antecedentes y consecuentes. Durante ocho sesiones semanales se entrenó a los padres a establecer límites, reforzar la conducta pro-social y las alternas a las agresivas, a sobre-corregir, desaprobar levemente, castigar y extinguir la conducta agresiva. Padres y maestros registraron durante tres semanas de línea base y ocho de tratamiento, la frecuencia de emisión de conductas pro-sociales (hacer la tarea, ayudar con tareas domésticas y recoger sus juguetes) y de conducta agresiva física y verbal. Los resultados mostraron una reducción significativa de la conducta agresiva y un aumento de la pro-social respecto tanto a la línea base como a la frecuencia de emisión de esas conductas por los niños del grupo control. Notablemente, la conducta también cambió en la escuela. Se discute la efectividad de las intervenciones con padres para reducir la conducta de bullying en diferentes contextos.

The study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a positive child rearing program with parents for reducing bullying and incrementing pro-social behavior of their children. Participants were eight couples and two single parents of 10 children identified as bullies. Half of the parents were assigned to a control group and the other half were trained to identify aggressive and pro-social behaviors of their children, as well as their antecedents and consequences. During eight weekly sessions parents were trained to set limits, reinforce both pro-social behavior and alternative responses to the aggressive ones, to correct, slightly disapprove, punish and extinguish aggressive behavior. Frequency of emission of specific pro-social behaviors (doing homework, helping in domestic chores and picking up toys) and of physical and verbal aggression was registered by parents and teachers during three weeks of base line and during eight weeks of treatment. Results showed a significant reduction of aggressive behavior and an increase of pro-social behavior compared both to base line and to the frequency of the same behaviors by children of the control group. Notably, behavior also changed at school. Results are discussed regarding the usefulness of interventions with parents in reducing bullying behavior by their children in different contexts.

Intervenciones breves con adolescentes estudiantes rurales que consumen alcohol en exceso / Brief interventions with adolescent rural students who drink alcohol in excess

Debido a la falta de programas dirigidos a prevenir y tratar el consumo excesivo de alcohol en adolescentes de comunidades rurales, se evaluaron dos modalidades de corta intervención: a) programa breve de cinco sesiones y b) sesión de consejo breve. En una primera fase se realizó un estudio exploratorio, obteniendo un cuadro descriptivo del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes de tres comunidades rurales, mientras que en un segundo momento, mediante un diseño de grupos de comparación, se determinaron los efectos de ambas intervenciones sobre el patrón de consumo y otras variables psicosociales en 24 adolescentes rurales del estado de Aguascalientes (México). Se concluyó que ambas modalidades de intervención son efectivas para el trabajo con adolescentes rurales usuarios de alcohol.

Due to the lack of programs designed to prevent and treat problems related to alcohol consumption in adolescents in rural communities, two brief intervention modalities were evaluated: a) a brief program with five sessions and, b) a brief advice session. During the first stage, an exploratory study was undertaken, on the basis of which a descriptive chart of alcohol consumption among adolescents in three rural communities was obtained, while in the second stage, comparison groups were designed to determine the effects of both interventions on consumption patterns and other psychosocial variables in a sample of 24 rural adolescents of the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. The conclusion was that both interventions are effective in working with rural adolescent alcohol users.

Resultados preliminares del Programa de Intervención Breve para Adolescentes que Inician el Consumo de Alcohol y otras Drogas / Preliminary study of a brief intervention program for adolescents who initiate alcohol and other drugs consumption

During the last two decades, alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug consumption among young people has come to be regarded as a serious public health problem, both in Mexico and internationally. This recognition has resulted from a trend toward higher levels of use, greater diversification of the types of drugs used and abused, and increased drug marketing. Epidemiological data show that most users initiate drug use when they are about 16 years old. However, the age of first drug experimentation appears to be decreasing, with recent reports indicating an average age 12 or 13 years at present. The societal costs of adolescent drug use cut across different domains including physical and mental health, car crashes, and morbidity and mortality related to substance misuse. The personal costs of teen drug use include school failure, drop-out, and truancy. Moreover, aggressive behavior and crime, risky sexual behaviour, and many other behavioural problems have been shown to be associated with adolescent drug use. Research from many different disciplines has increased knowledge about (a) important dimensions of adolescent substance use and (b) the processes and variables related to the origin and maintenance of addictive behavior among teenagers. Despite this growing body of knowledge, few current prevention and treatment programs are based on empirical investigation. Moreover, many current intervention programs have not been adequately evaluated in regard to effectiveness. A recent development in the addiction field is brief intervention (BI). BIs have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of addictive behavior among adult problem drinkers, with the most successful programs based on the Theory of the Social Learning. Only recently have BIs been tried with adolescent populations. While promising, little empirical research exists about the effectiveness of brief treatment with adolescents. The primary goals of BIs are to (a) reduce or eliminate substance consumption and (b) to mitigate the adverse effects of using alcohol or other drugs (i.e., harm reduction). While the goals of BIs are clear, the effectiveness of such programs with adolescents, despite their promise, is not well researched. For this reason, it is important to develop and empirically test BI programs for adolescents demonstrating problematic alcohol or other drug consumption. Schools represent a particularly good place to access adolescents who would benefit from BIs, and BIs represent an attractive alternative to the typical strategies used by school to address student substance use (i.e., suspension or expulsion). The main goal of this investigation was to develop and to evaluate a brief intervention program for teenagers with substance abuse (but who have not developed substance dependence) between 14 and 18 years old. The intervention program tries to: (a) promote a change in drug consumption through establishing consumption goals (in the case of the alcohol, moderation or abstinence; in the case of illegal drugs, abstinence); (b) identify high-risk situations in which use is probable; and (c) develop alternative strategies to these situations. The theorical bases of the intervention include Self-control Theory, Motivational Interviewing, Relapse Prevention and <>. Our brief intervention program consisted of six steps: 1. case detection, which involved the identification of adolescents who abuse alcohol or another drugs, by means of teacher's reports, legal and psychology personnel, trained by the investigators; 2. screening, which involved determining whether adolescents met inclusion criteria; 3. assessment, which addressed the frequency and amount of consumption and self-confidence to suitably face situation of probable drug; 4. induction to the program, the objective of which was to sensitize the adolescents about the importance of attending treatment; 5. intervention; and, 6. one, three and six months follow-up assessments. The intervention program consisted of four individual sessions with the participants in which they chose their own substance reduction goals, identified their high risk situations, developed coping plans for each high risk situation, and appraised the impact of their substance use on their own life-goals success. The researchers used a single-case design with 25 participants, 17 of whom had alcohol problems and eight of whom had marijuana problems. The age average of participants was 16 years (SD = 1.8), and 19 were male and six were female. The average age of first consumption was 14 years old (SD = 1.72); the average duration of substance use was 18 months. From the complete sample, 45% reported consumption one or twice per week, 22% reported daily consumption, and the remainder consumed once a month. Results indicated that from the 25 participants, 24 demonstrated changes from the baseline in their consumption pattern (measured by frequency and quantity) during intervention and at follow-up assessments. Self-efficacy levels (self-perceptions about the capability to abstain or use moderately in high risk situations) changed as well. Specifically, among the adolescents who consumed alcohol a one-way ANOVA revealed significant changes in average consumption between the baseline, treatment, and follow-up phases F(2.48) = 17.691, p < .001. Bonferroni's post-hoc tests showed differences between baseline ( = 8.89, SD = 3.55) and treatment ( = 4.46, SD = 3.27), and between baseline and the follow-up ( = 3.29, SD = 1.35). Student's t tests for each subject showed that 16 adolescents significantly reduced their alcohol consumption from the baseline to the follow-up. Only one participant demonstrated increased use (from five standard drinks per drinking occasion at the baseline to 5.90 standard drinks at the follow-up). Regarding consumers of marijuana, a one-way ANOVA showed significant changes in consumption across the baseline, treatment and follow-up phases F(2.21) = 8.219, p = .002. Bonferroni's post-hoc tests showed significant differences between the baseline ( = 18.23, SD = 16.62) treatment phases ( = 1.07, SD = 0.77), and between the baseline and the follow-up phases ( = 1.59, SD = 1.06). An additional one-way ANOVA revealed significant changes in self-efficacy. Specifically, participants demonstrated increased self-efficacy in situations including: Unpleasant emotions, Pleasant emotions, Testing personal control, Conflict with others, Social pressure, and Pleasant time with others (all p < .01), F(2.78) = 24.30, 12.47, 11.34, 11.02, 16.91 and 25.62, respectively. Self-efficacy in regard to Physical discomfort and Urges and temptations to drink also showed significant changes, but at p < .05 F(2.78) = 3.97 and 3.26, respectively. Finally, in order to evaluate the impact of the intervention on problems that participants associated with their alcohol use (or other drugs), seven areas were examined: School, Health, Cognitive, Interpersonal, Family, Legal and Economic. At the end of the treatment, there was a reduction in the number of problems related to these seven areas, compared with the baseline.

En las últimas décadas, el abuso de drogas legales e ilegales en los jóvenes ha sido considerado como un serio problema de salud pública, tanto en el ámbito internacional como en nuestro país. Los estudios epidemiológicos indican que la mayoría de los consumidores experimentan por primera vez con drogas alrededor de los 16 años, pero esta experimentación continúa disminuyendo presentándose en promedio a los 12 o 13 años. Esto representa altos costos para la sociedad y el individuo. Por ejemplo, en áreas de la salud se incrementan los costos de la atención médica, los servicios de salud mental y los tratamientos especializados, además de aumentar la probabilidad de accidentes y muertes relacionadas con el abuso; en el área escolar se presenta el fracaso y/o la deserción escolar, y la expulsión de los estudiantes por parte de las instituciones; y en el área social se pueden presentar conductas agresivas y/o delictivas, contacto sexual de riesgo y otros problemas de conducta relacionados con el consumo de sustancias. De los diferentes programas existentes, resaltan las intervenciones breves en el tratamiento de usuarios que abusan pero que no dependen de las sustancias. Este tipo de intervenciones se basan en la Teoría del Aprendizaje Social y están diseñadas para reducir los patrones de abuso de alcohol u otras drogas. Sin embargo, la aplicación de las intervenciones breves se ha realizado principalmente en adultos, y es hasta últimas fechas que éstas se han adaptado a población adolescente que abusa de las sustancias, sin tenerse todavía resultados concluyentes. Es por esto que es fundamental desarrollar programas de intervención breve como una alternativa para adolescentes que inician el abuso de alcohol u otras drogas. Otro punto que requiere atención es el desarrollo de estrategias para detectar los casos en las escuelas, con la finalidad de ofrecer los servicios de atención en las propias instituciones educativas sin que el adolescente tenga consecuencias como la suspensión o la expulsión. Ante este fenómeno se ha recomendado fortalecer acciones que se basan en la identificación temprana de patrones de consumo que ponen en riesgo al adolescente a diferentes problemas relacionados con el abuso de las drogas. Estos programas se deben caracterizar por ser costo-eficientes, breves y capaces de instrumentarse en una variedad de escenarios, así como de aplicarse a una variedad de culturas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar y evaluar un programa de intervención breve para adolescentes de entre 14 y 18 años de edad, estudiantes de nivel medio y medio superior, que consumen alcohol en exceso u otras drogas, y que presentan problemas relacionados con este patrón de consumo pero sin cubrir los síntomas físicos de la dependencia. Para realizar la evaluación se utilizó un diseño de caso único con 25 réplicas, 17 casos de consumo de alcohol y 8 casos de consumo de mariguana. De los 25 adolescentes que participaron en el estudio, 24 mostraron una disminución en el patrón de consumo (cantidad y frecuencia de consumo), al comparar las mediciones de los datos recabados en las fases de línea base, tratamiento y seguimiento. Así mismo, se dieron cambios en el nivel de auto-eficacia (percepción de la capacidad de los sujetos para controlar sus situaciones de consumo), es decir, al finalizar el tratamiento los adolescentes se percibieron a sí mismos con mayor capacidad para controlar la cantidad de consumo en situaciones de riesgo. Además, al final del tratamiento los sujetos reportaron una reducción del número de problemas relacionados con su consumo. Esta investigación es uno de los primeros esfuerzos por demostrar el impacto de las intervenciones breves en el patrón de consumo de los adolescentes. Las limitaciones del estudio fueron que no se determinó el efecto específico de cada uno de los componentes del programa ni tampoco se evaluó la presencia de otras conductas problemáticas (comorbilidad). Sin embargo, esta investigación ofrece un apoyo empírico a los programas de intervención breve en población adolescente de nuestro país.